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71.
Dentist phobia     
This study analyzes so-called hopeless gaggers, i.e., patients in whom dental treatment and wearing of a prosthesis produced a retching or vomiting reaction, in order to investigate the sources and properties of this pathologic reaction. In 35 patients, an anamnestic inquiry, a determination of the reflexogenic zone, a recording of the peripheral pattern of the pathologic reflex, and extinction training were performed. A group of six normal persons served as a comparison group. It was shown that patients, in comparison with normals, had an enlarged receptive field, were sensitive to a broader population of stimuli, and showed precursors and aftereffects of the retching-vomiting not found in normals. This pathologic reaction was the symptom of different psychopathologic processes, such as specific fear, repugnance-fear-based disturbances, diffuse anxiety, goal-directed behavior, depressive states and, at least in one case, visceral pathology. The various patients differed with respect to properties of the reaction as well as in the sensitivity to the extinction procedure. It is discussed that different integrative nervous processes play a role in the origin and development of the syndrome: activation of unconditional reflexes, activation of classic and instrumental conditional reflexes, activation of such reflexes by an increase of the reactivity level of specific and unspecific structures of the brain, generalization of stimuli, etc.  相似文献   
72.
The major form of bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase has been prepared by a new method in which the conventional chloroform-ethanol treatment is replaced by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Single crystals, suitable for high resolution X-ray diffraction studies, have been obtained from enzyme prepared by this method. The space group is P6122. The unit cell contains 12 enzyme molecules and has the dimensions a = b = 68 A?, c = 244 A?.  相似文献   
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The enzymic conversion of the coenzyme A ester of 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid (i.e. o-succinylbenzoic acid) to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid is a cyclization reaction which is part of menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis. This conversion, which is probably a two-step process, was investigated using chirally labelled samples of the coenzyme A ester of 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid. To synthesize these, the following enzymes were employed: isocitrate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.42), isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase (EC 4.1.3.1), 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (which includes EC 1.2.4.2), 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyrate synthase system and 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyrate: CoA ligase. Isocitrate: NADP+ oxidoreductase was employed to generate the two enantiomeric samples of 2-oxoglutarate enantiotopically labelled at C-3. These samples were converted enzymically to succinate with retention of configuration at C-2 and C-3, and to 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid with retention of configuration at C-3. Isocitrate glyoxylate-lyase and isocitrate NADP+ oxidoreductase were employed to generate samples of 2-oxoglutarate enantiotopically tritiated at C-4 or at C-3 and C-4. The four variously labelled samples of 2-oxoglutarate were enzymically converted to the coenzyme A ester of 4-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutyric acid. The resulting variously labelled coenzyme A esters were incubated with naphthoate synthase to investigate the ring closure reaction. In the first step the 2HRe atom of the oxobutyric moiety of the coenzyme A ester is equilibrated with solvent protons in a fast and reversible reaction. Subsequently the 2HSi and 3HSi atoms are removed whereas the 3HRe atom becomes the proton at C-3 of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. The second step in this ring closure reaction is the rate-limiting step.  相似文献   
75.
Differentiated mammalian cell lines can be isolated by immortalizing primary cells by transfection with DNA from plasmids containing sequences from SV40 early region. These cell lines show cytogenetic abnormalities but the degree of aneuploidy is considerably less than that observed in other established cell lines. No correlation was observed between the degree of differentiation of a clone and the extent of chromosomal damage.  相似文献   
76.
The development of the activities of oxidative (COX, CS), glycolytic (PFK, PK, LDH) and muscle enzymes (CK, MK, Pase) was studied in representatives of the families Coregonidae, Salmonidae and Cyprinidae, from hatching to an age of approximately 100 days. In addition, the activities of two enzymes of amino acid metabolism (GOT, GPT) were followed in rainbow trout and in roach.
Water content of fresh body weight and protein content of dry body weight decrease during the early larval period. Specific activities of the two oxidative enzymes decline, whereas those of glycolytic and muscle enzymes increase in all species.
A family-specific event is the enormous increase in glycolytic and muscle enzymes from very low values in the early larva to very high levels in adult Coregonus sp. In rainbow trout, CS activity begins with a low-level period lasting throughout the yolk-sac period, whereas in the other species CS activity is high immediately after hatching.
Acclimation to either 15 or 20° C has no effect on the mass-specific activities of PFK, M K, CK and Pase in roach and chub, but the former three enzymes appear to be strongly dependent on rearing conditions during the early larval period, whereas Pase is not.  相似文献   
77.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is known as a potent regulator for the development of the central nervous system (CNS). The neonatal period of brain development is characterised by rapid cellular proliferation in parallel with neuronal differentiation and angiogenesis. We examined the expression of native VIP and the VIP receptor-associated protein by immunohistochemistry as well as the expression of VIP mRNA by in situ hybridisation in the brain stem of newborn piglets. We found both the mRNA and the protein of VIP as well as the VIP receptor-associated protein in endothelial cells of veins, arteries and capillaries in the marginal zone of brain stem tissue sections, especially in pons and mesencephalon, as well as in pial vessels. The coexpression of native VIP, VIP mRNA and the VIP receptor-associated protein within the endothelium suggests the presence of an autocrine loop, which has been detected so far only in neuroblastoma cells. This expression pattern gives evidence to the immaturity of endothelial cells at birth and the presence of an adaptive response in the VIP-regulated system during the change from intra- to extrauterine life.  相似文献   
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